Vegetables

Some vegetables are perennials, but most are annuals and biennials, usually harvested within a year of crop establishment. A vegetable crop requires several works over the course of a season: preparing the soil by removing weeds and adding fertiliser, sowing or planting, controlling weeds, pests and diseases and providing sufficient water, harvesting, sorting and storing the vegetables.
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Tomatoes
Tomatoes
Tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum; synonyms: Solanum lycopersicum or lycopersicon) are annual herbaceous plants of the family Solanaceae cultivated for their edible fruit. The stems are covered with coarse hairs and the leaves are arranged in a spiral. The tomato plant produces yellow flowers, which usually develop into a round, fleshy, smooth fruit and can be red, pink, purple, brown, orange, or yellow. The tomato vine can grow from 0.7 to 2 m in height and is harvested after only one growing season.   
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Pepper
Pepper
Pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a group of annual or perennial plants in the Solanaceae family, cultivated for their edible fruit. They are short bushes with woody stems that grow brightly colored fruit. The plant produces white or red bell-shaped flowers that are 2.5 cm in diameter. Red, yellow, purple, brown are the colors of the fruit, produced each season about 3-6 weeks after flowering. The plants can grow up to 1 m tall and are usually grown as annuals in temperate regions for a single growing season.  
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Potato
Potato
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Solanaceae family, cultivated for its edible tubers. The plant has a branched stem and alternately arranged leaves of unequal size and shape. It produces white or blue flowers and yellow-green berries. Potato tubers grow located underground and generally in the top 25 cm of soil. Tubers vary in color from yellow to red or purple depending on the variety. The plants can reach up to 1 m tall and are annuals, surviving only one season.  
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Cucumber
Cucumber
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is an annual plant of the Cucurbitaceae family, cultivated for its edible fruit. The plant can have 4 or 5 main stems from which branches branch out. It produces yellow flowers that are 4 cm in diameter. The fruit varies in shape but is generally a curved cylinder, rounded at both ends, which can reach up to 60 cm in length and 10 cm in diameter. Cucurbits are annual plants that survive only one season. The cucumber comes from the foothills of the Himalayas, India.  
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Onion
Onion
Onion (Allium cepa) is a biennial herbaceous plant of the Liliaceae family cultivated for its edible bulb. The stem of the plant is a flattened disc at the base and the tubular leaves form a pseudostem where their sheaths overlap. The plant produces pink or white flowers clustered on the stems. The bulb consists of several layers, each corresponding to a leaf. Onions can reach a height of 50 cm. The origin of the onion has not been conclusively determined, although it is likely to originate from areas such as South-East Asia.  
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Zucchini
Zucchini
Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) is grown for its fruit, which is eaten at various stages of ripeness. Zucchini has a well-developed root system with a high capacity to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. The stem develops as an erect, vigorous bush with short branches, but there are varieties with long, creeping stalks. The leaves are large, with long petioles. Both stem and leaves are covered with rough bristles. The flowers are unisexual, large, yellow, with the female flowers having the ovary in the shape of the future fruit, and the male flowers clustered 2-3 per plant. The fruit is...
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Cabbage
Cabbage
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) is an annual or biennial herbaceous vegetable of the Brassicaceae family, grown for its edible head. There are several varieties of cabbage, which include white and red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) and Savoy cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Sabauda). The head is round and forms on a thick, short stem. The leaves are thick and alternate, wavy or lobed and the roots are fibrous and shallow. The plant produces large yellow flowers. The heads can vary in weight from 0.5 to 3.6 kg, depending on the variety.   
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Beans
Beans
Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an annual herbaceous plant of the Fabaceae family. The leaves grow alternately on stems, are green or purple in color, and are divided into three oval leaflets with smooth edges. Leaves can grow 6-15 cm in length and 3-11 cm in width. The common bean produces white, pink, lilac or purple flowers that are about 1 cm in diameter, and bean pods 8-20 cm long that can range from green to yellow, black, or purple. Each pod contains 4-6 smooth, kidney-shaped beans. The bean is an annual plant and lasts only one growing season; it varies...
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Radishes
Radishes
Radishes (Raphanus sativus) are annual or biennial herbaceous plants of the Brassicaceae family, cultivated for their edible roots. Radishes have a short stem and a rosette of elongated leaves between 5 and 30 cm long. The root of the plant is cylindrical or conical and usually red or white. The plant produces red or pink flowers. The radish is generally grown as an annual, surviving only one growing season, and can reach 20-100 cm in height, depending on the variety.  
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Carrot
Carrot
Carrot (Daucus carota) is an edible biennial plant of the Apiaceae family cultivated for its edible root. The root system penetrates the soil up to 60 cm. Root thickening begins about 60 days after germination. The orange color is due to the carotene content. The intensity of the root color is directly proportional to the number of nutrients. The leaves are pinnate, with a long petiole, and covered with bristles. The flowering stem is branched, fistulous and pubescent. The flowers are arranged in compound umbrella-like inflorescences and pollination is entomophilous. The fruit is indehiscent. The seed is rich in volatile...
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Eggplants
Eggplants
Eggplants (Solanum melongena) are tropical, herbaceous, perennial plants closely related to tomatoes in the Solanaceae family, which are cultivated for their edible fruit. The plants have a branched and simple, long, flat stem. The leaves can measure 10 to 20 cm long and 5 to 10 cm wide. The plant produces purple flowers that are 3-5 cm in diameter. The fruit can reach 40 cm in length, with a smooth, shiny surface and numerous small seeds. The color of the fruit is variable and can be white, green, yellow, purple, or black. Eggplants can reach up to 1.5 m in...
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Celery
Celery
Celery (Apium graveolens) is a biennial aromatic plant of the Apiaceae family, cultivated primarily for its stem and root, which are used as vegetables. The rhomboid leaves of the celery plant grow in a rosette on a branched, many-veined central stem. The plant produces dense creamy white flowers (an umbrella of short flowering stems) and produces oval seeds 1.5-2 mm wide. Celery is eaten worldwide as a vegetable. Both root and leaves are often used.   
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Melons
Melons
Melons (Cucumis melo – Citrullus lanatus) are annual plants of the Cucurbitaceae family, cultivated for their fleshy fruit. The stems are thin, covered with small hairs. The plant produces solitary yellow flowers and spherical to elongated fruit. The fruit is fleshy, protected by a thick crust. The fruit is smooth, light yellow or dark green, marbled or green. The flesh of the fruit is red, other varieties produce green, orange, or white flesh. It contains numerous seeds that are usually black, dark brown, or white. The branched stem can reach a length of 3 m and as an annual, it...
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Parsley
Parsley
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is a biennial or perennial herbaceous plant of the Apiaceae family cultivated for its leaves. In the first year, it forms a rosette of leaves and a thickened root, and in the second year, it forms a flowering stem. The root is tuberous, pivoting, conical, grey outside and white inside. The leaves are glossy, petiolate, pinnately-septate. Leaves and roots have a reduced growth rate in the early stages of vegetation. The flowering stem reaches 1.5 m tall and is fistulous, edged, strongly branched at the base. The flowers are small, hermaphrodite, of varied color. Pollination is entomophilous....
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Garlic
Garlic
Garlic (Allium sativum) is an herbaceous, annual, bulbous plant of the Amaryllidaceae family, cultivated for its pungent, edible bulb. The most widely used parts of the plant are the bulbs. The bulb consists of several bulbils (garlic cloves), attached to a common disc (the stem of the plant), wrapped on the outside by parchment-like tunics. Each garlic bulb has its own disc, a fleshy leaf, and a bud attached to the disc. A new garlic plant is formed from a bulb. Numerous fibrous roots form at the base of the bulbil. The leaves are linear, curved, green in color.  
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Broccoli
Broccoli
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica) is a plant similar to cauliflower, except that the inflorescence is more spreading and of a different colour. The root system of broccoli is well developed, the stem is short, and the leaves are large, elongated, slightly wavy, with asymmetrical, sectioned edges. In the centre of the leaves arranged in a rosette is the terminal flowering bud, from which the inflorescence develops. Broccoli is a biennial plant, but in our country it is grown as an annual (it flowers in the first year). The inflorescence has the appearance of a bouquet of several green, yellowish or...
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Sweet potato
Sweet potato
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a species belonging to the Convolvulaceae family and is related to the field bindweed. This plant is native to South America, where it is cultivated by indigenous people. It is an annual species with a well-developed root system but thin roots. This species forms adventitious roots from the root ball which develop, thicken, and thus give rise to the edible part of the plant. The stem is similar to that of other plants in this family, it has many branches and the mechanical tissues are not well developed (creeping). The leaves are simple, alternately arranged,...
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Spinach
Spinach
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is an annual herbaceous plant of the Amaranthaceae family, cultivated for its leaves, which are used as a vegetable. The plant has simple leaves that come from the center of the plant and measure between 2 and 30 cm in length. The leaves grow in a rosette and can appear curled or flat. The plant produces small, yellow-green flowers that are 3-4 mm in diameter. The flowers produce small clusters of fruits, which contain seeds. Spinach survives only one growing season and can reach 30 cm in height.   
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Lettuce
Lettuce
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), is an annual or biennial herbaceous leafy plant of the Asteraceae family, cultivated for its leaves. Lettuce can vary greatly in size, shape, and leaves, but in general, the leaves of the plant form a dense head. The stem of the plant is short, with large leaves arranged at the bottom that becomes progressively smaller up the stem. The leaves may be smooth or wavy and are usually green or red in color. Lettuce can grow to a height of 30-100 cm and is usually grown as an annual, harvested after a growing season.  
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Parsnip
Parsnip
Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) is a biennial herbaceous plant of the Apiaceae family, cultivated for its edible root. The root is elongated, conical, spherical, white-yellowish. The flesh is juicy, aromatic, and has a pleasant taste. The leaves are petiolate, with large, toothed lobes, shiny on the upper side, and pubescent on the lower side. Because of these characteristics, parsnip leaves cannot be used in animal feed. Being a biennial plant, it forms the taproot and leaf rosette in the first year and the flowering stalk (reaching 1-2 cm in height), flowers, and fruit in the second year. The flowers are yellow...
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Cauliflower
Cauliflower
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var botrytis) is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant of the Brassicaceae family, cultivated for its fleshy flowers. The cauliflower’s root is pivoting and penetrates up to 40 cm into the soil. The leaves are petiolate, ovate-elongated, with finely toothed margins. At about 70 days after sprouting, when the plant has 9-12 leaves, the inflorescence, the edible part, appears. After 20 days from the formation of the inflorescences, they open and the flowering shoots appear. The fruit is a silique inside which are spherical, brown seeds, 2-2.5 cm in diameter.
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Fennel
Fennel
Fennel – Foeniculum vulgare – It is an annual plant with a strongly developed taproot. Fennel is cultivated both as a vegetable plant and as a medicinal plant. It is particularly important in human nutrition due to its rich content of vitamins, mineral salts and essential oils. The pharmacological properties of the leaves are primarily due to the essential oils. The amount in which they are found in fruits differs according to the variety, origin and degree of ripening of the fruits. Thus, the fruits from sweet fennel are poorer in essential oil than those from bitter fennel. Those from...
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Horseradish
Horseradish
Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) is a species belonging to the Cruciferae family, native to the south-eastern part of Europe. It is a perennial herbaceous plant and forms well-developed underground organs. The roots are 3-4 cm in diameter and are yellowish outside and white inside. The root system can penetrate the soil to a depth of 60-70 cm. There are numerous dormant buds on the roots, which allow vegetative propagation. The size of the roots also varies according to the age of the plant and the propagation material. It is a common plant found in all vegetable gardens in the countryside. It...
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Rhubarb
Rhubarb
Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum) is a perennial herb belonging to the plant family Polygonaceae, genus Rheum. It can reach 1-2 m in height and has strong rhizomes and roots developed deep in the soil. It grows tall, edged petioles, green, pink, sometimes red, or even purple. The leaves are very large, cordate, arranged in rosettes. The flowering stems are up to 1-2 m tall, hollow inside, and have small, greenish-white flowers clustered in the upper part of the stem. The fruits are brown achenes with a single seed.  
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Okra
Okra
The okras (Hibiscus esculentus) are annual, herbaceous plants with a taproot that is slightly branched and penetrates the soil up to 70 cm. They are grown for their young bolls. Okra is an annual plant that can reach heights of 1-2 m, has an erect stem with numerous lateral branches. The leaves are large, palmate-lobed, with toothed margins and a long petiole of up to 40-50 cm. The flowers are large, with brown, purple or red basal central area, otherwise yellow. Fruits are 10-30 cm long, capsule-like, with 5-6 longitudinal edges. In youth, they are green or purplish, in maturity...
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Mushrooms
Mushrooms
Mushrooms include edible species of the genera Agaricus (button, portobello, and cremini mushrooms), Pleurotus (oyster mushrooms), and Volvariella, (straw mushrooms). Mushrooms are highly variable in appearance, depending on their stage of development and variety. Agaricus have cap and stem, the cap is a pale grey or brown in color and is round immature, but flattens when mature. Pleurotus mushrooms may not have a stem and may be attached laterally to a growing substrate, such as the bark of a tree. Volvariella mushrooms are small, with pink gills and a characteristic covering (volva) at the base of the stem.
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Peanuts
Peanuts
Peanuts are part of the Hedysareae tribe, genus Arachis, and the cultivated species, Arachis hypogaea, includes two subspecies: ssp. fastigiata and ssp. procumbens. Peanuts are native to the tropical and subtropical areas of South America and are widespread in areas with a warm climate. Peanut oil is used in food, in the canning industry, margarine production, while the deprecated oil is used in soaps, etc.
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Lentil
Lentil
The lentil is part of the Vicieae tribe, the genus Lens, a genus that includes many species. The cultivated species is Lens culinaris which is divided into ssp. macrosperma (plants of 40-70 cm and peas of 6-9 mm in diameter) and ssp. microsperma (plants of 20-40 cm and peas of 2-4 mm in diameter). Each subspecies includes several varieties of lentils. Thus, biotypes from ssp. macrosperma are cultivated, which have yellowish green, rarely marbled peas and yellow cotyledons. The peas are used in human nutrition in various dishes, but they can also be used in animal feed, ground or whole.
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Lupine
Lupine
Lupine is known as a fodder plant for the fact that it is used as a green fertilizer as well, but the lupine seeds have a more limited use because they contain alkaloids. Thus, they are used in animal feed only after removing the bitter taste, through different procedures. The “sweet” forms can be used without presenting a risk, in feeding animals, as concentrated fodder, green meal, etc. Sweet lupine grains can also be consumed by humans, in the form of flour (to prepare various bakery products), as boiled or fried grains or to obtain oil, protein, etc.
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Broad bean
Broad bean
The broad bean is part of the Vicieae tribe, genus Vicia. The cultivated species is Vicia faba and it is divided into two subspecies, paucijunga and eu-faba. Ssp. eu-faba is divided, according to its morphological characteristics, mainly according to the size and shape of the beans, into 3 varieties: minor (mass of 1000 grains: 400-650 g), aequina (mass of 1000 grains: 650-800 g) and major (mass of 1000 grains: 800-1200 g) . The seeds of this plant are used in various forms in human nutrition, but also in animal feed in certain proportions, in combination with other types of fodder....
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Sponge gourd
Sponge gourd
Sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) is an annual herbaceous plant that is part of the Cucurbitaceae family. It has various uses and can be cultivated both in the field and in protected areas or in ecological agriculture. In addition to being cultivated for decorative purposes, as a vegetable or as a vegetal sponge, for baths, the sponge gourd is also cultivated to extract the fibers from the stem, the oil from the seeds, being also used for the manufacture of various products (hats, bath rugs, tablecloths, etc.).
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Chickpea
Chickpea
The chickpea is part of the Vicieae tribe, the genus Cicer, a genus that includes several spontaneous annual and perennial species. The species Cicer arietinum is cultivated, which is divided into four subspecies: orientale, asiaticum, mediterraneum and euroasiaticum. The subspecies euroasiaticum is particularly important and includes several ecotypes, distinguished by the height of the bush, the color of the flowers and the shape of the bush. Chickpea beans are used in food in different forms, respectively fried, as a substitute for coffee, etc. Like animal feed, the grains (crushed) have more limited uses for horses and pigs. The straws (by-products)...
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Brussels sprout
Brussels sprout
Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea var gemmifera) – is a variety of cabbage in the Brassicaceae family, grown for its small edible green leafy sprouts, which resemble a miniature cabbage. The plant has long, smooth, glossy leaves that can be green to purple and are arranged alternately on the stem. Buds form at the base of each leaf in a spiral. The edible portion of the plant is the bud. It is light green to green to blue in color. The plant is biennial and can reach 0.6-1 m in height, with a spread of 0.5-0.6 m.  
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Nettle
Nettle
Nettle (Urtica dioica) is a perennial plant, which has a long, branched, cylindrical rhizome in the soil. The stalk has 4 obvious edges, reaches a height of over 100 cm, and is covered with stinging hairs. It is widespread in the wild all over the world, except in the Arctic, central and southern parts of Africa. It is found near fences, walls, roads, in places where organic debris is deposited, on the water’s edge, from the plains to the alpine zone.   
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Jerusalem artichoke
Jerusalem artichoke
Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosum) is a vegetable belonging to the Asteraceae family. It is a perennial plant that forms vegetative organs in the soil, similar to the potato. The root system is up to 50-80 cm deep. It is cultivated for its underground stems which have a high nutrient content. They contain inulin, sucrose, levulin, protein, and mineral salts.  
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Patience dock
Patience dock
Patience dock (Rumex patientia) is a herbaceous perennial plant, which has a fleshy, strongly branched, pivoting root in the soil that can penetrate to great depths. After sprouting, it develops a rich rosette of large leaves with a slightly acidic, bitter taste. It is thought to be native to south-eastern Europe, where it is widespread in wild flora in wetlands and river valleys.  
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Asparagus
Asparagus
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Asparagaceae family, cultivated for young spears that are eaten as vegetables. The plant is tall, with leaves emerging from the stem, placed on the stems like feathers. The flowers are bell-shaped and appear individually or in pairs. They are white, green or yellow. After flowering, a round red fruit forms 1 to 6 black seeds. Asparagus can live for 20 years or more and can reach a height of between 100 and 150 cm.   
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Leek
Leek
Leek (Allium porrum) is a biennial plant. In the first year, it forms a false stem, 15-17 cm high and 3-6 cm thick, which is the most important edible part of the plant. The stem itself is formed by a disc, to which the fibrous roots, more developed than in onions and garlic, are attached at the bottom. The flowering stalk appears in the second year of cultivation, is cylindrical, full inside, 1.8 – 2 meters high. Leeks are eaten raw or prepared as various dishes. The leek’s environmental properties are similar to those of onions.  
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Sorrel
Sorrel
Sorrel (Rumex acetosa) is a perennial herbaceous plant, which forms a fleshy, strongly branched taproot that penetrates the soil to a depth of 50-60 cm. On the soil surface, it forms a rich, bushy, leafy rosette. It is native to central and eastern Europe, where it grows spontaneously on river valleys. The wild form is eaten in many countries and has rough, more acid yellowish leaves. Although it has been known in the human diet for a very long time, it was not cultivated until the 15th century. Nowadays this plant has a very wide range in Europe, Asia, and...
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Kohlrabi
Kohlrabi
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) is a biennial plant that in the first year forms a tuberous stem and in the second year flowers and fruits. The root system is less developed than that of cabbage, the roots being spread in the soil layer up to 30-35 cm. The stem is short in the first year of growth. Kohlrabi is native to the Mediterranean Sea, coming from the wild species Brassica rupestris. It has been known since ancient times. It is cultivated for its tuberous roots. Kohlrabi has a pivoting root system that does not penetrate deep into the soil....
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Vitelotte
Vitelotte
Vitelotte (Solanum tuberosum var. Vitelotte) is a perennial plant that develops a fibrous, branched root with a high absorption capacity. In addition to the aerial part, vitelotte also forms underground stems (stolons and tubers). Stolons are thickened branches of the underground stem and tubers are organs of the plant in which large quantities of reserve substances accumulate. The leaves are compound, spindle-shaped, with alternately arranged leaflets of different sizes. The flowers are clustered in cymes and the corolla has various colors (white, violet, blue, pinkish-purple, yellowish). The fruit is a spherical berry and is not edible.  
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Peas
Peas
Peas (Pisum sativum) are annual herbaceous leguminous plants of the Fabaceae family, cultivated for their edible seeds and pods. The root system is strong and penetrates into the soil up to 40 – 60 cm deep, but if the soil allows, it can penetrate up to one meter. The stem is hollow inside and slightly branched. The leaves are pinnately compound, alternately arranged, consisting of 2 – 3 pairs of leaflets, the last leaflet being transformed into a carpel. Flowering occurs 30-50 days after sowing, and on one plant, flowering lasts 10-25 days. The fruit is a pod, straight or...
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Pumpkin
Pumpkin
Pumpkin is the name given to a group of plant species in the genus Cucurbita, including zucchini, Cucurbita mixta, Cucurbita maxima, and Cucurbita moschata. Pumpkin belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family and is grown primarily as a vegetable or ornamental plant. Pumpkin plants are short-lived, annuals or perennials, with broadly lobed leaves and branching stalks. The fruit can vary greatly in size, from miniature pumpkins weighing a few grams to giant pumpkins that can weigh over 30 kg.
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