Cereals and Technical Plants

Cereals and technical plants are plants grown and used for industrial purposes. They are raw materials in the food industry, the energy industry, the textile industry, and the tobacco and alcohol industries. The main cereals grown are wheat, corn, barley, oat, and rye. The main technical crops grown by humans are sunflower, rapeseed, sugar beet, flax, hemp, hops, tobacco, and soya.
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Sunflower
Sunflower
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is one of the most important oilseed crops. Sunflowers are grown mainly for oil. Industrialization produces primarily oil and leaves the pomace, which is used in animal feed. Sunflower oil cakes have a high protein content and are a valuable feed. Sunflower is also an excellent melliferous plant.  
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Hops
Hops
Hops belongs to the Humulus genus, Cannabinaceae family and is one of the most important technical plants, the cones (female inflorescences) being an indispensable raw material in the beer industry. The properties of this drink, the taste and aroma, smell, foam, color, clarity and shelf life are imprinted by lupulin (produced by the cones). Lupulin also contains bitter substances, tannins and volatile oils. In addition, hop cones are also used for medicinal purposes, and to a small extent they are used to flavor bread.
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Sugar beet
Sugar beet
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera) is a biennial plant. In the first year of growth, the beet body is formed. Flowering branches form in the second year. It is used primarily as a raw material in the sugar industry. The molasses resulting from beet processing is used in the food and alcohol industries.  
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Maize
Maize
Maize (Zea mays) belongs to the Gramineae family and is of particular importance because of its high yield potential and numerous uses. It is used both in human food and animal feed. It has high ecological plasticity, which allows it to spread widely, it can be grown as a monoculture, it can be cultivated 100% mechanized, it uses fertilizers and water well.  
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Clover
Clover
Clover is the common name attributed to the genus Trifolium, which includes about 250-300 species of legumes. Clover species are cultivated for fodder purposes, to improve soil quality (they form knotweed, which enriches the soil with nitrogen), for decorative purposes (can replace turf), for medicinal purposes, or as a melliferous plant. The most cultivated clover species are red clover (Trifolium pratense) and white clover (Trifolium repens). Species in the genus Trifolium are annual, biennial, or perennial plants. A forage crop of clover is viable for 3-4 years.
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Alfalfa
Alfalfa
Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa) is a perennial plant from the Fabaceae family, being an important crop worldwide for fodder. It is used in pastures, hayfields and silos. Alfalfa superficially resembles clover – being part of the same family – especially in the case of young plants, when trifoliate leaves predominate. Alfalfa sprouts are a common ingredient in Indian cuisine. Alfalfa appears to have originated in south-central Asia, and was first cultivated in ancient Iran. Then it was brought to Greece when the country was invaded by the Persians.
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Camelina
Camelina
Camelina (Camelina sativa) is an oilseed plant belonging to the Brassicaceae family. The oil extracted from camelina seeds can be used in the food industry or in the manufacture of biofuels. The resulting oil cake can be used in animal feed as an important source of nutrients.  
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Hemp
Hemp
Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is used as a raw material for making clothes. Hemp fibers are resistant to twisting, rubbing and are elastic. Hemp seeds contain significant amounts of oils and are used in the manufacture of vegetable fats. The oilcake and seeds are used in animal feed. The wood resulting from the extraction of the fibers is used for the manufacture of paper, OSB boards, soundproofing boards, or in the furniture industry.
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Oat
Oat
Oat (Avena sativa) belongs to the genus Avena, family Gramineae and is cultivated for its seeds, the main use being for processing into animal feed. Oats are also a popular feed in the form of green meals, having a higher nutritional value than wheat or rye straw. In human nutrition, it has a small share in the form of flakes, flour, or groats.  
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Basket willow
Basket willow
Basket willow (Salix viminalis) is a species belonging to the genus Salix, family Salicaceae. The advantages of this plant make it one of the most environmentally friendly alternatives for energy production. Energetic willow makes good use of problem soils, especially with excess moisture. Intensive cultivation would reduce massive deforestation, reduce environmental pollution and protect natural ecosystems.  
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Tobacco
Tobacco
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is a plant belonging to the Solanaceae family and is cultivated for its leaves. this crop represents the raw material used in the tobacco industry. It is a demanding crop, and processing tobacco leaves after harvesting is quite difficult without proper technical means.
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Soybean
Soybean
Soybean (Glycine max) is an oil-protein plant grown for its protein (27-50%) and fat (17-27%) rich seeds. The plant is used in human nutrition, in the production of compound feed, for flour production, for fat extraction, or for the production of milk, sauces, or soups.  
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Fodder beet
Fodder beet
Fodder beet (Beta vulgaris) is a valuable, juicy, and highly nutritious feed. Fodder beet is a biennial plant. In the first year of growth, the beet’s body forms, and in the second year the flowering branches form and bear fruit. This species is recommended for feeding all species of animals. In addition to its nutritional qualities, this crop has a high yield per unit area.  
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Rapeseed
Rapeseed
Rapeseed (Brassica napus), belongs to the family Cruciferae, genus Brassica. It occupies an important place among cultivated plants, being a rich source of vegetable oils, used in the food industry, in the biodiesel industry, and has an important feed value.  
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Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum (Sorghum-bicolor) is a plant belonging to the Poaceae family and is one of the most widely grown cereals in the world. This plant is drought resistant and many recent studies have shown that it can be a substitute for maize in feed recipes. In addition to the one grown for grain, we can find technical, sweet, and forage kinds in cultivation.  
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Wheat
Wheat
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the world’s most important crop. The wheat plant is of great importance in the food industry and is used mainly for the production of flour. The stalks left over after harvesting are used as raw material in the manufacture of cellulose. It is also used in animal feed or as an organic fertilizer.  
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Barley
Barley
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is one of the first crop plants. Barley is used in human food, industry, and animal feed. People can use it in bread, beverages, stews, and other dishes. It can also be used for brewing beer. In this case, the barley must have a low protein content and high starch content.
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Cotton
Cotton
The cotton plant belongs to the genus Gossypium, family Malvaceae. Cotton is one of the world’s most important textile plants, accounting for 60-70% of vegetable fibre production. Cotton, depending on the climate, is an annual or perennial plant.
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Sweet corn
Sweet corn
Sweet corn (Zea mays convar saccharata) is an annual, herbaceous plant prized for its kernels, which are harvested when they are in the waxy milk stage. It is consumed immediately or becomes raw material for the canning industry. Sweetcorn stalks, which are in an early stage of development (no kernels have formed) can also be used in the food industry.  
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Flax for oil
Flax for oil
Flax for oil (Linum usitatissimum) is a species of annual herbaceous plant, belonging to the botanical family Linaceae, genus Linum. Flax for oil is used in the paint and ink industry, but also in the manufacture of oilcloth and linoleum. The vegetable matter left after pressing the oil (oil cakes) is used for animal feed. In addition, flax for oil has a special medicinal and therapeutic importance, and the stems can be used in the stationery and textile industries.
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Rice
Rice
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important crops, along with wheat. The main use of rice is in human nutrition. Rice grains can be prepared easily, they have a high nutritional value and a higher degree of digestibility than in the case of other grains.
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Castor oil plant
Castor oil plant
The castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) is a perennial plant, native to tropical and subtropical areas, which is part of the Euphorbiaceae family. In temperate climates, the castor oil plant is cultivated as an annual plant. The castor oil plant is cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seeds. It is used in the leather, paint, textile and pharmaceutical industry, in the production of synthetic rubber, in cosmetics, etc.
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Rye
Rye
Rye (Secale cereale) is an important crop plant, originally from South-West Asia, Asia Minor and the Caucasus, which spread to Europe together with wheat. Rye is mainly used in human nutrition, being the second cereal used in baking, after wheat. Rye can be cultivated in areas that are not suitable for wheat, in places with a cold and humid climate or in dry areas, growing well in sandy or acidic soils.
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Safflower
Safflower
Safflower (Carthamnus tinctorius) is an annual, herbaceous plant, originally from India, which is cultivated for its achenes rich in half drying oil (37-42%). Due to the high content of oleic acid, linoleic acid and saturated acids, safflower oil is considered a good quality, dietetic oil (it lowers cholesterol) in the human diet. The oil cakes obtained by extracting the oil have a high protein content, being used in animal feed. The flowers are used to obtain food dyes or in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Cereals and Technical Plants
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