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Spinach, treatments against pests and diseases
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is an annual vegetable plant native to Asia. It is cultivated for its nutrient-rich leaves. The spinach crops can be affected by pests and diseases, against which it’s important to apply the right treatments.
The main diseases of spinach
Viruses
Cucumber mosaic virus in spinach
This virus attacks most vegetable plants, including spinach. The leaves of attacked plants show yellowish, irregularly shaped spots. Affected tissues do not develop uniformly and in the advanced stages of the disease, leaf edges turn yellow and brown. During vegetation, the virus is spread by aphids, and from one year to the next it is transmitted by seeds.
Prevention and control measures:
- removing attacked plants from the crop;
- using certified seeds;
- spinach treatments to control the aphid population.
Mycosis
Downy mildew (Peronospora farinosa f.sp. spinaciae)
Yellow spots appear on the upper side of the spinach leaves and a greyish-purple fuzz forms on the lower side, next to the spots. In wet and cool weather, the spots expand and can cover the whole leaf. Attacked leaves curl, become deformed, and eventually dry out. The disease only occurs on the leaves, no matter what stage the crop is in. Attacked tissues become crumbly and fall off the plant.
Prevention and control measures:
- correct crop rotation (spinach can return to the same field after 3 years);
- using certified seeds;
- spinach treatments with specific fungicides.
White rust (Albugo candida)
Yellowish spots appear on the upper side of the leaves and, as the disease progresses, the fungus fructifications appear on the lower side as white circles. Strongly attacked leaves wither and fall off.
Prevention and control measures:
- gathering and destroying plant debris after harvest;
- using certified seeds;
- treatments with specific fungicides.
Spinach anthracnose (Colletotrichum spinaciae)
Yellowish or whitish spots appear on the affected leaves. In favorable environmental conditions (high temperature and humidity), the spots merge and cover the leaf surface and the whole crop can be easily destroyed. Year-to-year transmission is through infected plant debris left on the ground.
Prevention and control measures:
- correct crop rotation (spinach can return to the same field after 1-2 years);
- gathering and destroying plant debris after harvest;
- using certified seeds;
- treatments with specific fungicides.
Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f sp. spinaciae)
The disease starts with the yellowing of mature leaves. Later, the symptoms will affect the whole plant. By sectioning into the plant root, the vascular vessels will appear brown. The disease outbreak is favored by temperatures above 27℃ and prolonged drought.
Prevention and control measures:
- maintaining constant soil moisture;
- correct crop rotation (spinach will return to the same field after 3 years);
- treatments with specific fungicides.
Damping-off (Phythium spp.)
It is one of the most damaging diseases of seedlings, manifesting from germination and sprouting to the stage of 2-3 true leaves. When attacked, the stem tissues above ground turn black, become watery, and decay. Disease occurrence is favored by temperatures between 18-30℃ and humidity above 90%.
Prevention and control measures:
- removing plants from the crop and disinfecting the soil in the area;
- disinfecting the substrate and treating the seeds before sowing;
- avoiding excess watering;
- treatments with specific fungicides during the growing season.
The main pests of spinach
Slug
It is a polyphagous species, which attacks many vegetables, flowers, vines, etc. It causes great damage in vegetable crops by perforating the leaves, and destroying the foliar parts of the plant.
Control methods:
- specific molluscicide treatments.
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Aphids
They are polyphagous species that migrate from one plant to another or from one species to another. Aphids appear in early spring, feed on wild flora, and then move to cultivated species. They appear as colonies on the underside of leaves, flowers, inflorescences, and young shoots. Attacked plants stagnate, turn yellow, and become susceptible to fungal attack.
Control methods:
- specific insecticide treatments;
- using sticky traps.
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Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)
The pest thrives in greenhouse conditions all year round, and in the field only in summer. In the greenhouse, it can develop 3-6 generations per year when conditions are favorable. Adults and larvae colonize leaves and leaf litter. After the attack, leaves turn yellow, dry out, and fall off.
Control methods:
- destroying plant debris after harvesting;
- disinfecting greenhouses and polytunnels before starting a new crop;
- using sticky traps;
- specific insecticide spinach treatments.
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Flea beetles
The adults appear in early spring, and after feeding they lay their eggs in the soil, next to the cabbage, cauliflower, kohlrabi, lettuce, etc. The adults attack the leaves, and gnaw the tissues, leaving the leaves with a pitted appearance.
Control methods:
- specific insecticide treatments.
American serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza spp.)
It is a polyphagous species that attacks almost all vegetable species. The larvae gnaw on spinach leaves in the form of mining galleries, but the attack does not cause significant damage in most cases.
Control methods:
- treatments with specific insecticides.
Wireworms (Agriotes spp.)
Wireworms are found in almost all regions and cause significant damage to many crops. Damage caused by wireworms coincides with the emergence period and the early stages of plant growth. A few days after planting, the attacked plant is easily distinguished by its wilted appearance. The larvae penetrate close to the root, in the crown area, and feed on the stem contents, then move up to the lower part.
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Specialist's advice 
