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Spinach, information about crop management
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is cultivated for its leaves that are consumed fresh or prepared, having beneficial properties, due to the content in protein, carbohydrates, vitamin C, carotene, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and iron. Spinach leaves have therapeutic effects, being used in cases of anemia, asthenia, or burns.
The root is pivoting, with lateral branches. In the early stages of vegetation, the plant forms 8-12 leaves. It then forms a herbaceous, sparsely branched flower stalk that reaches a height of 80 cm. Spinach is a dioecious plant. The flowers are unisexual and the fruit is spherical or spiny, yellowish pseudo achene with brownish or greyish inserts.
Climate and soil requirements
Spinach is a low-temperature hardy plant, with an optimum growing temperature of 15-17℃. The seeds germinate at 3-4℃ and the young seedlings can easily withstand these temperatures or even lower, depending on the phenotype. If the plants are covered with snow, they can overwinter in the rosette stage, withstanding negative outdoor temperatures.
In terms of light, spinach is a less demanding species that grows well in spring, autumn, and winter, when light radiation is low. Being a long-day plant, spinach develops a flower stalk as the day length increases, and thus the temperature. Water plays an important role in obtaining rich foliage, and soil moisture must be constant. Spinach prefers loamy, loamy, humus-rich soils with a pH of 6.5-7.5.
Cultivation
Spinach can be grown both in the field and in protected areas, with different sowing and harvesting times depending on climatic conditions.
Crop rotation
Spinach is used in successive crops, before or after a basic crop, with a short growing season. The best results are obtained after leguminous plants that leave the soil free of weeds and rich in organic matter (beans, root crops, cereals, etc.).
Soil preparation
It can be done in autumn or in winter, depending on the crop establishment time. Before plowing, it is recommended to apply organic or chemical fertilizers. To prepare the germination bed, the soil must be crushed, to ensure the best possible contact with the seeds and to obtain uniform germination.
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Crop establishment
For early spring consumption, sowing can be done in September at a depth of 3-4 cm. In this case, the spinach plants will overwinter in the rosette stage. Preferably, the plants should be covered over winter with snow to withstand low temperatures. For consumption in the second half of spring, sow the seed in March or in winter (when possible) at a depth of 2-3 cm.
To ensure fresh spinach for as long as possible, sowing can be done in two-week intervals. The distance between rows is 25-30 cm and the distance between plants per row is 10-12 cm. Sprinkle watering is recommended 1-2 days before sowing to supply the soil with water.
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Pest and disease control
It is done by applying approved fungicide or insecticide treatments to spinach. To avoid the appearance of diseases or pests resistant to pesticides, it is recommended to alternate products.
Care works
For harvesting in the cold season, depending on outside temperatures, it is possible to place polyethylene film tunnels, as well as microporous film, thus ensuring a higher temperature. Weed control is carried out by hoeing, if necessary.
Irrigation
It is done according to environmental factors, with higher temperatures correlating with more frequent irrigation. Do not overwater, as high humidity, both in the soil and in the air, leads to fungal diseases. Drip irrigation systems are the most recommended but sprinkler systems can also be used, paying more attention to daily aeration.
Fertilization
It can be done with irrigation water, with balanced fertilizers, when the plants already have 2-3 real well-developed leaves. Specific fertilizers can be applied foliar, depending on plant needs and environmental conditions.
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To help the plants overcome periods of stress (low or high temperatures, lack of water, etc.), foliar and root fertilization with specific fertilizers can be carried out. Root fertilizers can be applied to improve soil structure and root absorption.
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Harvesting
Spinach is harvested when the leaf rosette has reached the desired size. Harvesting is done by cutting the leaf rosette or pulling the plant out of the ground when the leaves are dry. If only the leaves that have reached the desired size are harvested, a second harvest can be made later. Harvesting in wet weather leads to a reduction in leaf quality in a shorter time. Spinach is very perishable and can be kept for a short time, even in controlled atmosphere conditions.
Specialist's advice 
