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Salvage cuttings in forest stands
Published on: March 15, 2022 Modified on: 1 May 2024
Salvage cuttings, sanitation cuttings, or hygiene cuttings aim to improve the phytosanitary status of the forest stands. In order to limit the spread of pathogens or pests, infested trees, dry and drying trees, broken or felled trees, as well as trap trees (used to monitor insect populations) are removed from the stand. However, according to the laws of some countries, a number of 1-3 dry trees are left on each hectare of forest, in order to improve biodiversity. These trees are a source of food and shelter for many species of fungi, insects, birds, and others.
Stands where salvage cuttings are carried out
Sanitation cuttings are usually applied in the stands where no forestry works are carried out, respectively in those where this intervention is considered necessary between two forestry works (e.g. after strong winds, fires, insect attacks, etc.). Salvage cuttings can be carried out in stands with an average diameter of min. 6 cm, until the final exploitability.
Carrying out salvage cutting
Field observations. The specialized personnel establishes on-site the necessity of the intervention, respectively its intensity.
Determining the number of required interventions. Depending on the number of trees to be removed per hectare and their distribution within the stand, the number of necessary interventions is established: one or more fellings, spread over several years. This is necessary to avoid the sudden breaking of the consistency (degree of canopy closure). If over 40-50% of the existing trees are damaged, the stand is considered exploitable. The trees are removed, and the stand is re-established through plantings and special works.
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Removal of affected/injured trees. The salvage cutting must be carried out as soon as possible after the injury is detected. In case of bark beetle attacks, the exploitation is recommended to be executed in June, when the beetles are under the bark of the trees. In other situations, the damaged trees can be extracted at any time of the year, preferably in autumn or winter.
Exploitation is difficult and the working conditions are dangerous for the workers due to the unstable and weakened trees.
Capitalization of the resulting wood material. The wood material from the sanitation cuttings is of inferior quality. If the capitalization of the wood material is profitable and does not imply a high risk of contamination (of the healthy trees nearby or of the wood material from the warehouses), it can be transported and processed in various products. Transport and processing must be carried out as soon as possible after the intervention. The non-marketable wood material with contamination potential is removed from the stand and destroyed by burning.
Additionally:
- In the case of pests or pathogens that grow on stumps and roots and have a high risk of contamination of surrounding trees, either the stumps and roots are extracted, or treated with specific insecticides and fungicides.
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- Preventively or to control pathogens and pests, aerial treatments can be performed with the help of helicopters or small planes. Specific, selective insecticides or fungicides are used (by spraying from above). However, this operation is very expensive and it is rarely used in forestry.
