The southern root-nematode – Meloidogyne incognita

Prevalence. The southern root nematodes are spread all over the world.

Description. Due to the shape and size of the two genders, adults show obvious sexual dimorphism. The male has a body that is 1.2-2 mm long, cylindrical and worm-shaped, covered with a ringed cuticle. The eggs, after laying, are white, transparent, with a ridgeless cuticle, and are oval. The larva has a worm-like appearance and it can be observed inside the egg in the last phase of embryonic development.

Biology and ecology. A species that propagate most of the time through parthenogenesis, as males do not appear during the warm season. They overwinter in the field in the egg stage, in the female’s body, and the greenhouses, they overwinter as females or second-stage larvae. A female lays between 300 and 2000 eggs, but in unfavorable environmental conditions, their number decreases. After leaving the galls, the larvae move among the soil particles in search of young roots of various plants. The second stage larvae are very active, they penetrate the tissues of the roots, near the growth tips, they migrate both horizontally and vertically, covering appreciable distances.

Attacked plants and damage. The southern root-nematode is a polyphagous species. The attacked plants have roots with swellings of different sizes, up to 5 cm in diameter, their shape and size varying depending on the plant. Strongly attacked plants wither, but in case of a weak attack or at the beginning of the attack, the infested plant does not have special characteristics if compared to a healthy one. The most sensitive crops are tomatoes, cucumbers, and eggplants. The infestation usually occurs immediately after transplanting, and the first symptoms are observed after 3-4 weeks. The attacked plants wither from the base and eventually dry out.

Prevention. Cultivating resistant varieties, disinfecting the soil before planting, checking the seedlings, disinfecting the tools, destroying the plant remains after harvest, help prevent the attack of this pest. Soil disinfection should be performed with specific products.

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Click beetles – Agriotes sp.

Prevalence. The common click beetles are polyphagous pests, which are found in almost all regions of the globe. Although they have great adaptability to a wide range of soil types, they find optimal conditions for development in moist and heavy soils.

Description. Adults have an elongated body, narrowed in the posterior segment, 7-11 mm long, and reddish-brown to blackish. The characteristic of insects in the family Elateridae is the presence of the jumping apparatus. If in an unfavorable position, the insects use this apparatus to perform an energetic jump and return to the initial position. Hence the name “click beetles”.
The eggs are small, 0.5 mm in size, oval, light in color. The larva is popularly called “wireworm” and has an elongated and slender body, which when fully developed is 18-25 mm long, pale yellow to yellow-brown. The pupa is 7-10 mm long, at first light in color, and then brown.

Biology and ecology. It produces a generation once every 4-5 years and overwinters in the soil as a larva of different stages or as an adult. Adults appear in spring when the temperature reaches 15º C (in the second half of April). The female lays eggs under lumps of soil or in cracks. The eggs are laid in groups of 3-20, often in rows of 4-5 pieces. Each female lays 150-200 eggs, which are small, transparent, 0.5 mm long, being difficult to see with the naked eye. The larvae appear after 3-4 weeks of incubation, being 9 mm long, transparent, and not very visible.

Attacked plants and damage. Damages caused by wireworms coincide with the period of sprouting or occur in the early stages of the plant’s vegetative growth period. After a few days from planting, the attacked plant is easily distinguished by its withered appearance. The larva penetrates the area between the roots and the stem and feeds on the inside of the stem. The attacked plants are destroyed and the crop must be replanted. The larvae are polyphagous feeding on the aerial parts of the plants, preferring cereals, plants that make up grasslands, tubercles, and root crops. Among cereals, corn is the most affected, especially during the sprouting and in the early stages of vegetative growth, when the larvae attack the sprouted grains or the newly formed roots. In the case of root crops and tubercles, wireworms drill galleries inside them, and pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the plant, leading to their rot.

Control. For prevention, autumn and summer plowing, the cultivation of plants less preferred by wireworms (peas, beans, lentils, rapeseed, mustard, coriander, etc.) are recommended. Chemical control is achieved by applying soil treatments with specific products.

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Disinfection of the soil with specific products is also indicated.

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The western corn rootworm – Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

Prevalence. A species native to Central or South America, in Europe it was reported in 1992, in Yugoslavia, in a cornfield.

Description. The adults have a yellow to green body and display sexual dimorphism (the female may differ from the male in appearance). The female has a body length of 4-6.8 mm and has on the elytra 3 longitudinal bands that can merge. The male has a body that is 4.4-6.6 mm long and the antennae are longer than the body. The elytra are darker on the anterior side and the abdomen is rounded terminally. The egg is yellow and oval.
The larva is thin, white, with a black head, and can reach 13 mm in length at maturity. The Pupa is whitish.

Biology and ecology. It produces only one generation per year and overwinters in the egg stage. Egg hatching and the appearance of larvae begin in mid-May and end in early August. The first pupae appear at the end of June and can be found until the end of August when the adults appear. Adults are present in corn crops from June to October. A female lays between 400-1000 eggs, almost exclusively in corn crops, in the soil, to a depth of up to 35 cm.

Attacked plants and damage. It attacks both in the adult and larval stage, but significant damage is caused by the larvae. The main attacked crop is corn, but the larvae can infest 22 other plant species. The adult is polyphagous, preferring corn, but it also infests other cereal crops.

The larvae are oligophagous and feed on the roots of several cereal crops.

Control. It is based on respecting the crop rotation, the moment of sowing and harvesting the corn, the plant’s resistance, etc.
Chemical measures are mainly applied to control larvae and are less efficient against adults.

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