Roses (Rosa spp.) are shrubs that are part of the Rosaceae family. Damask roses are cultivated for their aesthetic appearance, their flowers being considered the most beautiful in the world. Besides the aesthetic function, rose flowers (their petals) are used for the preparation of cosmetics, syrups, jams, oils, etc. For this, not any subspecies can be cultivated. Thus, the most important subspecies of damask roses for petals are Rosa rugosa, Rosa damascene, and Rosa centifolia.

Properties regarding growth and flowering

These types of roses grow in the form of a thick bush, with numerous annual stems, with a height of 1-2 meters, with spikes. The leaves are composed of 5 – 7 leaflets, have an ovate shape, serrated edges, and have hairs along the ribs. The petiole of the leaves is tomentose. The flowers are arranged in groups of 2-3 in the inflorescence, have a red or pink color, and the corolla is double. The fruit is false, red, ellipsoidal in shape, called rosehip.

Environmental and soil requirements

Damask roses grown for their petals prefer cool areas, where the average annual temperatures do not exceed 8 ℃. On the other hand, these species are not resistant to very low winter temperatures, the shrubs being affected by temperatures of -25 ℃. In terms of light, they have moderate requirements and for this reason, can be successfully grown on lands with northern exposure. They have medium humidity requirements, withstanding even excessive soil moisture for short periods of time, but are sensitive to drought. They can be planted in poorly productive soils, which cannot be cultivated with other species, but they grow optimally in soils with medium texture and rich in humus.

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Choosing and preparing the soil

The damask roses grown for petals can be planted in soils with medium fertility, with a loamy, loamy-sandy, or loamy-clayey texture, and with high permeability. It can be planted in both flat and sloping fields, but the slope should not be higher than 15%. The plot has to be freed from the previous crop and cleaned of all plant debris (including the one that is underground). After this, the land has to be leveled and basic fertilization must be applied with 20 – 40 tons/ha of manure. The fertilizers have to be incorporated into the soil by plowing to a depth of 30-35 cm, and then you should go over the plot twice with a disc harrow.

Planting

The optimal planting period is in autumn when the shrubs have entered vegetative dormancy. The following planting schemes are recommended: a 3 m distance between rows and a 1 m distance between plants, per row. After establishing what the suitable planting scheme is, the land has to be pegged out, an operation that consists in marking with a picket the position of each plant on the land. The next steps are digging the holes and planting the roses. The holes can be made manually or with the help of a tractor connected to a drill and they must have the dimensions of 40 x 40 x 40 cm.

Before planting, it is necessary to prepare the planting material. The root system has to be shaped, removing dry or injured roots. Thus, when planted, the shrub will have a healthy root system. In order to favor a successful planting, the roots have to be dipped in wet soil. The root system is dipped into a mixture made up of yellow soil, cattle manure, and water. The planting material is made up of rooted cuttings. They must be inserted into the hole so that the roots and 5-7 cm of the stem are covered with soil. This way, the production of root suckers is stimulated, which will help the development of the bush. After planting, each cutting has to be watered with 8 – 10 liters of water and cut at every 4 – 5 buds.

Care

Water deficiency can cause a qualitative and quantitative decrease in petal production. The most intense consumption of water is in the phase of abundant flowering, namely, between May and June. It is recommended to irrigate the plantation, so as to ensure optimal humidity for the development of plants (60 -80% of the water capacity in the field), at a depth of 10 – 40 cm. The best results are achieved by using drip irrigation systems.

In the first years after planting, roses have a slow growth rate. In order to stimulate their development and to favor the production of root suckers, the space between the rows has to be kept clean, through hoeing, superficial disking. After 3-4 years, the space between the rows is allowed to grow grass naturally. After the growth of the green carpet, the grass has to be cut periodically (when it reaches a height of 10-15 cm). The resulting grass is left on the ground to form a mulch layer.

Roses react well to fertilization, and this can be done, starting with the second year.

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To ensure the optimal development of rose bushes, pruning should be done. These lead to the formation of vigorous bushes, with an optimal number of stems and enough root suckers, to ensure the rejuvenation of the crown. The cuts should be done so as to form a bush, this being easy thanks to the biological characteristics of the species. In the first 2-3 years after planting, no cuts should be applied. Only dry or frost-affected branches can be removed. The cuts must be done in spring when the risk of frost has passed. Starting with the third year, this operation has to be performed annually. Thus, all dry or frost-affected branches are removed. The thin and weakly branched stems have to be removed from the base of the bush. Also, the intersecting stems and those that develop inside the bush must be removed. Old, blackish stems and those older than 3-5 years also have to be removed from the base of the bush. After each cut, the bush must be aerated, healthy, and be made up of 7 – 8 stems, each with 6 – 10 buds.

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Harvesting

Harvesting rose petal is a delicate job. The operation must be done exclusively by hand, by picking up the flowers together with the receptacle. The flowers have to be harvested in the floral bud phase or in the blooming phase. This must be done in humid and cool weather so as not to affect the properties of the petals. The petals are then stored in wooden or cardboard boxes, in cool and shady places, or in specially arranged spaces (in warehouses with controlled atmospheres).

Diseases and pests

Damask roses are frequently affected by fungal diseases such as powdery mildew, black spot, rust and downy mildew. Aphids, mites, and defoliating caterpillars are among the pests that attack damask roses. These diseases and pests are combated with specific products for plant protection.

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